The Catholic Church claims claim their traditions came directly from the apostles and therefore they are correct. In doing this they elevate the traditions of men as the authority of what is right and righteous over the counter argument of Scripture being the ultimate authority. Now while Catholics would like to contextualize the conversation about the cannon of scripture as an appeal to their authority in tradition over the text, for the sake of this post, we're going to focus on testing the intellectual integrity of "Apostolic succession" as a concept.
Paul was a direct founder to the church in Corinth. This is a 1:1 connection lets take a look at some points that he makes to the church that seems to have immediately lost sight of the instructions that he founded.
1 Corinthians 3:4- 11
For when one says, “I am of Paul,” and another, “I am of Apollos,” are you not mere men? 5¶What then is Apollos? And what is Paul? Servants through whom you believed, even as the Lord gave opportunity to each one. 6I planted, Apollos watered, but God was causing the growth. 7So then neither the one who plants nor the one who waters is anything, but God who causes the growth. 8Now he who plants and he who waters are one; but each will receive his own reward according to his own labor. 9For we are God’s fellow workers; you are God’s field, God’s building.10¶According to the grace of God which was given to me, like a wise master builder I laid a foundation, and another is building on it. But each man must be careful how he builds on it. 11For no man can lay a foundation other than the one which is laid, which is Jesus Christ.
The first thing that we see is that Paul uses language to take us away from the esteeming of certain veneration of Apostles and he places the focus on the relationship that one has with Christ. Paul appears to do the opposite of veneration when he states in verse 7 that the apostles aren't actually anything- but God is the one who caused the growth. In fact, he continues on to say such
1 Corinthians 3:20-21
20 and again, “The Lord knows the reasonings of the wise, that they are useless.” 21 So then let no one boast in men. For all things belong to you
I'd like to highlight this verse for many who look at a specific church denomination as being equal in authority to the established revelation of God in scripture. That the wisdom of men is USELESS, and that the individual is empowered to understanding God as each of us have a personal relationship with the Savior and Holy Spirit. Do we have an example of men establishing their own traditions by committee rather than the Word of God? We do.
Galatians 1:6-17
I am amazed that you are so quickly deserting Him who called you by the grace of Christ, for a different gospel; 7 which is really not another; only there are some who are disturbing you and want to distort the gospel of Christ. 8 But even if we, or an angel from heaven, should preach to you a gospel contrary to what we have preached to you, he is to be accursed! 9 As we have said before, so I say again now, if any man is preaching to you a gospel contrary to what you received, he is to be accursed!10 For am I now seeking the favor of men, or of God? Or am I striving to please men? If I were still trying to please men, I would not be a bond-servant of Christ.
Men were being led away from the Gospel, God's Word, by men who were teaching traditions and even going so far as insisting that their authority was equal or greater than the scriptures. Paul states that EVEN IF THE APOSTLES THEMSELVES teach something contrary than the authoritative Word of God they they are to be accursed. Paul keeps pointing people the the Word of God and God's revelation instead of the man made authority, going so far to cited that in Galatians 3:8 in reference to Abraham having the Word of God preach to him prior. Continuing on in Galatians 1
11 For I would have you know, brethren, that the gospel which was preached by me is not according to man. 12 For I neither received it from man, nor was I taught it, but I received it through a revelation of Jesus Christ. 13 For you have heard of my former manner of life in Judaism, how I used to persecute the church of God beyond measure and tried to destroy it; 14 and I was advancing in Judaism beyond many of my contemporaries among my countrymen, being more extremely zealous for my ancestral traditions. 15 But when God, who had set me apart even from my mother’s womb and called me through His grace, was pleased 16 to reveal His Son in me so that I might preach Him among the Gentiles, I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, 17 nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who were apostles before me; but I went away to Arabia, and returned once more to Damascus.
Paul is stating that authority comes from God and His revelation. He was not instructed by an established church in what constitutes the Gospel. He didn't submit to any form of Catechisms when he had a direct encounter with the Spirit of God. Paul didn't not receive his commission from apostolic succession. He didn't consult with church authority immediately either, to those who were established before him. This is a point that gets lost in the argument of insistence of an appeal to authority to claim man's traditions as authoritative doctrine. In fact, There is a warning that there would be men in the congregation that were seeking to institute things that were not in line with following Christ, in order to deceive the disciples into following their ways and traditions.
Acts 20:28-30The Holy Spirit appointed men, and the contrast is that men would arise FROM THEM in order to draw away the disciples. The claim that Catholics make along with Orthodox and other churches that even disagree among themselves, is that their doctrines are correct because they can be traced always back to some apostles or the 1st century church.
28 Be on guard for yourselves and for all the flock, among which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers, to shepherd the church of God which He purchased with His own blood. 29 I know that after my departure savage wolves will come in among you, not sparing the flock; 30 and from among your own selves men will arise, speaking perverse things, to draw away the disciples after them.
Titus 1:10-14
10 For there are many rebellious men, empty talkers and deceivers, especially those of the circumcision, 11 who must be silenced because they are upsetting whole families, teaching things they should not teach for the sake of sordid gain. 12 One of themselves, a prophet of their own, said, “Cretans are always liars, evil beasts, lazy gluttons.” 13 This testimony is true. For this reason reprove them severely so that they may be sound in the faith, 14 not paying attention to Jewish myths and commandments of men who turn away from the truth.
Part of the issue Paul is dealing with directly here is traditions, commandments, and myths that were infiltrating the church by people that were NOT holding to right and sound doctrine. Lets look at another example of one such man in the first century that sought to purchase the things of God with money, Simon Magus- Simon the Sorcerer.
Acts 8:9-24Simon sought to influence the matters of God by monetary means. This tradition, though NOT from the apostles and absolutely rebuked- is found in the very essence of the Catholic Church within the selling of indulgences to buy influence with God to remove people from purgatory.9 Now there was a man named Simon, who formerly was practicing magic in the city and astonishing the people of Samaria, claiming to be someone great; 10 and they all, from smallest to greatest, were giving attention to him, saying, “This man is what is called the Great Power of God.” 11 And they were giving him attention because he had for a long time astonished them with his magic arts. 12 But when they believed Philip preaching the good news about the kingdom of God and the name of Jesus Christ, they were being baptized, men and women alike. 13 Even Simon himself believed; and after being baptized, he continued on with Philip, and as he observed signs and great miracles taking place, he was constantly amazed.14 Now when the apostles in Jerusalem heard that Samaria had received the word of God, they sent them Peter and John, 15 who came down and prayed for them that they might receive the Holy Spirit. 16 For He had not yet fallen upon any of them; they had simply been baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus. 17 Then they began laying their hands on them, and they were receiving the Holy Spirit. 18 Now when Simon saw that the Spirit was bestowed through the laying on of the apostles’ hands, he offered them money, 19 saying, “Give this authority to me as well, so that everyone on whom I lay my hands may receive the Holy Spirit.” 20 But Peter said to him, “May your silver perish with you, because you thought you could obtain the gift of God with money! 21 You have no part or portion in this matter, for your heart is not right before God. 22 Therefore repent of this wickedness of yours, and pray the Lord that, if possible, the intention of your heart may be forgiven you. 23 For I see that you are in the gall of bitterness and in the bondage of iniquity.” 24 But Simon answered and said, “Pray to the Lord for me yourselves, so that nothing of what you have said may come upon me.”
"During medieval times, however, they were abused and corrupted into a moneymaking enterprise. Throughout the 11th and 12th centuries, the Christian belief in purgatory – the place in between heaven and hell where souls are purified through punishment – grew and intensified. Believers wanted to avoid ending up there at any cost.The Church started granting two kinds of indulgence: ‘plenary’ (or full), which remitted all need for the punishment of sin, or ‘partial’ to deal with a part of one’s debt of sin. This was both a relief to Christians hoping to avoid purgatory, and also a way for them to be encouraged to fight in the Crusades."- History ExtraPaul even wrote a warning to Timothy about the dangers of men and their traditions being pollutant in the church
2 Timothy 4:3-43For the time is coming when people will not endure sound teaching, but having itching ears they will accumulate for themselves teachers to suit their own passions,4and will turn away from listening to the truth and wander off into myths
While tradition is not inherently bad in of itself on a personal level, when we see it as wielded as an authoritative means passed down in a form of succession where it contradicts scripture- it becomes something we can see directly rebuked by Christ as He affirms scriptural authority.
Mark 7:9
7 The Pharisees and some of the scribes gathered around Him when they had come from Jerusalem, 2 and had seen that some of His disciples were eating their bread with impure hands, that is, unwashed. 3 (For the Pharisees and all the Jews do not eat unless they carefully wash their hands, thus observing the traditions of the elders; 4 and when they come from the market place, they do not eat unless they cleanse themselves; and there are many other things which they have received in order to observe, such as the washing of cups and pitchers and copper pots.) 5 The Pharisees and the scribes *asked Him, “Why do Your disciples not walk according to the tradition of the elders, but eat their bread with impure hands?” 6 And He said to them, “Rightly did Isaiah prophesy of you hypocrites, as it is written:‘This people honors Me with their lips, But their heart is far away from Me.7 ‘But in vain do they worship Me, Teaching as doctrines the precepts of men.’8 Neglecting the commandment of God, you hold to the tradition of men.” 9 He was also saying to them, “You are experts at setting aside the commandment of God in order to keep your tradition.
It is not in the pattern of Christ to say "The church has decreed this, therefore it as authoritative as scripture" but rather it is the very nature of the Pharisees. Their entire argument is that the matters have been an established tradition from what they esteem as the true Church. They make a claim to establish churched authority and an appeal to their church fathers as "The tradition of the elders". Christ rebukes this. Christ rebukes this because this is placing men in the position of God like Eve in the garden seeking to establish for herself what is good and evil, and ignoring the commands of God. He states that this established church traditions passed down from their fathers/elders is vain worship. He elaborates more on this concept in Matthew 23:3-12 which mirrors Paul as cited previously.
Matthew 23:3-12Here Christ is again telling people that these traditions and customs are burdensome and done to be noticed by men. Christ makes the note that hierarchy is not any sort of papacy- but we each are one equal footing with each other as brothers with Christ being the head. We get our example from Christ. We get our instruction from what God has defined as worship. We do not elevate men into the place of Christ as some form of supreme one. This tradition may have been existed in the 1st century, but it is Christ speaking against it and directing that the pattern and order be on God.
3 therefore all that they tell you, do and observe, but do not do according to their deeds; for they say things and do not do them. 4 They tie up heavy burdens and lay them on men’s shoulders, but they themselves are unwilling to move them with so much as a finger. 5 But they do all their deeds to be noticed by men; for they broaden their phylacteries and lengthen the tassels of their garments. 6 They love the place of honor at banquets and the chief seats in the synagogues, 7 and respectful greetings in the market places, and being called Rabbi by men. 8 But do not be called Rabbi; for One is your Teacher, and you are all brothers. 9 Do not call anyone on earth your father; for One is your Father, He who is in heaven. 10 Do not be called leaders; for One is your Leader, that is, Christ. 11 But the greatest among you shall be your servant. 12 Whoever exalts himself shall be humbled; and whoever humbles himself shall be exalted.
As we continue to discuss traditions that came from Apostolic Succession, Let us look at the case of Nicolas.
Acts 6:5
The statement found approval with the whole congregation; and they chose Stephen, a man full of faith and of the Holy Spirit, and Philip, Prochorus, Nicanor, Timon, Parmenas and Nicolas, a proselyte from Antioch.
Nicolas is a 1st century man that is listed among the selected by the apostles to perform ministry. He however did not remain as such. In 1 John we see this warning about such "apostles" that went out from among them
1 John 2:18-20
18 Children, it is the last hour; and just as you heard that antichrist is coming, even now many antichrists have appeared; from this we know that it is the last hour. 19 They went out from us, but they were not really of us; for if they had been of us, they would have remained with us; but they went out, so that it would be shown that they all are not of us. 20 But you have an anointing from the Holy One, and you all know.
This means that the traditions of men who were ONCE with them, were being taught to others in the church AS authoritative. We can see the Nicolaitans who followed the Apostolic Succession of Nicolas being rebuked by none other than the Savior Himself. Note again that in this passage John affirms that the person who has a relationship with God has anointing.
Revelation 2:1-6Christ calls out the Nicolaitans ALONG WITH the church at Ephesus and Pergamum. These established churches and people who claim their deeds and their order stem from men reaching back to the time of Christ- often tend to ignore the fact that Christ rebuked their deeds.
‘I know your deeds and your toil and perseverance, and that you cannot tolerate evil men, and you put to the test those who call themselves apostles, and they are not, and you found them to be false; 3 and you have perseverance and have endured for My name’s sake, and have not grown weary. 4 But I have this against you, that you have left your first love. 5 Therefore remember from where you have fallen, and repent and do the deeds you did at first; or else I am coming to you and will remove your lampstand out of its place—unless you repent. 6 Yet this you do have, that you hate the deeds of the Nicolaitans, which I also hate.
Revelation 2: 14-16
But I have a few things against you, because you have there some who hold the teaching of Balaam, who kept teaching Balak to put a stumbling block before the sons of Israel, to eat things sacrificed to idols and to commit acts of immorality. 15 So you also have some who in the same way hold the teaching of the Nicolaitans. 16 Therefore repent; or else I am coming to you quickly, and I will make war against them with the sword of My mouth.
This apostolic succession is one Christ is commanding repentance from. Turn from the teachings of the Nicolaitans. Justin Martyr mentions this about those who were confessing their Christianity while walking contrary to Christ
"Many of those who say that they confess Jesus, and are called Christians, eat meats offered to idols, and declare that they are by no means injured in consequence. Confessing themselves to be Christians, and admitting the crucified Jesus to be both Lord and Christ, yet not teaching His doctrines, but those of the spirits of error. ...[They are those who] teach to blaspheme the Maker of all things, and Christ, who was foretold by Him as coming, and the God of Abraham, and of Isaac, and of Jacob, with whom we have nothing in common, since we know them to be atheists, impious, unrighteous, and sinful, and confessors of Jesus in name only, instead of worshipers of Him. Yet they style themselves Christians, just as certain among the Gentiles inscribe the name of God upon the works of their own hands, and partake in nefarious and impious rites. Some are called Marcians, and some Valentinians, and some Basilidians, and some Saturnilians, and others by other names; each called after the originator of the individual opinion...the name of the father of the particular doctrine"- Justin Martyr Dialogue with Trypho (Chapters 31-47)
We observe the exact day; neither adding, nor taking away. For in Asia also great lights have fallen asleep, which shall rise again on the day of the Lord’s coming, when he shall come with glory from heaven, and shall seek out all the saints. Among these are Philip, one of the twelve apostles, who fell asleep in Hierapolis; and his two aged virgin daughters, and another daughter, who lived in the Holy Spirit and now rests at Ephesus; and, moreover, John, who was both a witness and a teacher, who reclined upon the bosom of the Lord, and, being a priest, wore the sacerdotal plate. He fell asleep at Ephesus. And Polycarp in Smyrna, who was a bishop and martyr; and Thraseas, bishop and martyr from Eumenia, who fell asleep in Smyrna. Why need I mention the bishop and martyr Sagaris who fell asleep in Laodicea, or the blessed Papirius, or Melito, the Eunuch who lived altogether in the Holy Spirit, and who lies in Sardis, awaiting the episcopate from heaven, when he shall rise from the dead? All these observed the fourteenth day of the passover according to the Gospel, deviating in no respect, but following the rule of faith. And I also, Polycrates, the least of you all, do according to the tradition of my relatives, some of whom I have closely followed. For seven of my relatives were bishops; and I am the eighth. And my relatives always observed the day when the people put away the leaven. I, therefore, brethren, who have lived sixty-five years in the Lord, and have met with the brethren throughout the world, and have gone through every Holy Scripture, am not affrighted by terrifying words. For those greater than I have said ’ We ought to obey God rather than man’-(Eusebius. Church History, Book V, Chapter 24. Translated by Arthur Cushman McGiffert. Excerpted from Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series Two, Volume 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. American Edition, 1890. Online Edition Copyright © 2004 by K. Knight).
Notice that Polycrates said that he and the other early church leaders (like the Apostles Philip and John, and their successors like Polycarp, Thraseas, Eumenia, Sagaris, Papirius, Melito) would not deviate from the Bible, and that they knew the Bible taught them to keep the Passover on the correct date, and not on a Sunday. Also notice that they always observed the day when the people put away the leaven.
Wanting to alter and change the day of the Passover in 195 is NOT the tradition that they learned from the Apostles. This is HISTORICAL documentation that Roman Catholic church deviated from Apostolic Succession in the changing of Passover. His conclusion is that we are to obey GOD rather than men who by numbers and church order were seeking to move away from what Scripture commands. Let us look at another set of examples. The Church of Rome made the following declarations in the city of Laodicea: Council of Laodicea in 363 A.D....
Canon 29: Christians must not judaize by resting on the Sabbath, but must work on that day, rather honoring the Lord's Day [Sunday]; and, if they can, resting then as Christians. But if any shall be found judaizers, let them be anathema (detestable) from Christ.
Canon 37-39: It is not lawful to receive portions sent from the feasts of Jews or heretics, nor to feast together with them. (God’s Holy Days) It is not lawful to receive unleavened bread from the Jews, nor to be partakers of their impiety.Thou shalt not keep feasts with Hebrews or heretics, nor receive festival offerings from them. Light hath no communion with darkness. Therefore no Christian should celebrate a feast with heretics or Jews, neither should he receive anything connected with these feasts such unleavened bread and the like."
This is clear deviation from what we see in scripture about the Apostles ALL keeping the Sabbath on the 7th day at the time God ordained it. The "Apostolic Succession" that occurs in the Catholic church is in line with the Pharisaic Order that invalidates and alters the commands of God rather than teaching their obedience from faith in Christ. When the tradition of the church decreed in 363 the rejection of the Passover, they were abandoning the teachings of the Bible and invalidating it by their traditions. They were turning from what was being taught and held to by Polycrates of Ephesus who states that the 1st Century church held Passovers and feasts. These men who were seating in the places of authority contrary to what Christ warned against were teaching people that they were not of God or the church if they obeyed commands where even Paul writes us telling us to keep the Passover.
1 Corinthians 5:8
8 Therefore let us celebrate the feast, not with old leaven, nor with the leaven of malice and wickedness, but with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth.
It was Paul's example to keep these feasts just as Polycrates in 195 was still doing according to the Word of God rather than men.
Acts 20:6
6 We sailed from Philippi after the days of Unleavened Bread, and came to them at Troas within five days; and there we stayed seven days.
Acts 20:16
16 For Paul had decided to sail past Ephesus so that he would not have to spend time in Asia; for he was hurrying to be in Jerusalem, if possible, on the day of Pentecost.
We would be foolish to believe that everything that was done in these churches were right. Paul never taught the Corinthians to be immoral, but the men by their lusts and deeds and faultiness and traditions- did so.
1 Corinthians 5:1-2It is actually reported that there is immorality among you, and immorality of such a kind as does not exist even among the Gentiles, that someone has his father’s wife. 2 You have become arrogant and have not mourned instead, so that the one who had done this deed would be removed from your midst.
Romans 3:44 May it never be! Rather, let God be found true, though every man be found a liar, as it is written,“That You may be justified in Your words, And prevail when You are judged.”